開卷書摘》「假新聞」太氾濫 英文怎麼說

「假新聞」太氾濫 英文怎麼說(示意圖/shutterstock 達志影像提供)

YouTube於上個月29日宣佈,有關新冠肺炎及疫苗成份的假資訊都將被下架。海量的新聞資訊透過媒體和網站放送,讓「假新聞(fake news)」轉眼滿天飛。

而什麼是假新聞呢?對此,BBC提出了三個定義:

1. Completely false information photos or videos purposefully created and spread to confuse or misinform.(故意製造完全錯誤的訊息、圖片或影片,旨在傳播後誤導他人。)

2. Information photos or videos manipulated to deceive or old photographs shared as new.(篡改訊息、圖片或影片,以及分享老照片但聲稱是新照片,來欺騙他人。)

3. Satire or parody which means no harm but can fool people.(沒有惡意的諷刺或改編,但是愚弄他人的訊息。)

假新聞一字之所以這麼熱門,可歸因於美國前總統川普老愛用「假新聞」當口頭禪(mantra),用來斥責媒體對他的攻擊與敵意。《紐約時報》(New York Times) 曾報導這位充滿爭議性的總統如何用假新聞一詞跟媒體對槓,報導中提及:

President Donald Trump routinely invokes the phrase“fake news”as a rhetorical cudgel to undermine opponents rally his political base and try to discredit a mainstream American media that is aggressively investigating his presidency.(川普總統經常用「假新聞」這個詞作爲修辭武器,打擊反對者,動員自己的政治基本盤,並試圖讓一個正積極調查他在競選總統時內幕的主流美國媒體名譽掃地。)

或許有人以爲假新聞漫天飛的亂象是自網路發展後纔有的現象。但事實上, 這種製造半真半假(misinformation) 甚至是無中生有的消息(disinformation), 然後再透過宣傳媒體放送(propaganda),以得到特定目的操作手法,並不是新科技產物。

若想尋找將假新聞當成政治操弄工具的始祖,你或許會嚇一跳,最遠可追溯至西元前44年古羅馬時代的屋大維,當時他曾散播謠言中傷政敵安東尼,最後戰勝對方,成爲羅馬帝國第一位皇帝。

Circa 44 BC – Mark Antony smear campaign:

Octavian's propaganda campaign against Antony deployed Twitter-worthy slogans etched onto coins to smear Antony's reputation. These slogans painted Antony as a womanizer and a drunk implying he had become Cleopatra's puppet having been corrupted by his affair with her. Octavian became Augustus the first Roman Emperor and“fake news had allowed Octavian to hack the republican system once and for all.”(屋大維的反安東尼文宣活動,在錢幣上頭刻着類似(現代)推特用語的口號,企圖抹黑安東尼的聲譽。這些口號把安東尼形容成好色之徒、酒鬼,暗示他老早就變成克里奧帕特拉的魁儡,因爲跟埃及豔后有染早已墮落。假新聞讓屋大維得以摧毀共和制度, 成爲第一位羅馬皇帝奧古斯都。)

歷史上,還有另一個促成假消息大量快速傳遞的時間點,落在西元15世紀,爲德國發明家古騰堡(Johannes Gutenberg)發明印刷機應用活字印刷術之時。

Circa 1439 – Gutenberg printing press invented:

Fake news took off at the same time that news began to circulate widely in Europe enabled by the printing press.“Real”news was hard to verify in that era. There were plenty of news sources—from official publications by political and religious

authorities to eyewitness accounts from sailors and merchants—but no concept of journalistic ethics or objectivity. Readers in search of fact had to pay close attention.(古騰堡活字印刷術發明後,捏造出來的假新聞同時崛起,開始在歐洲廣爲流傳。在那個年代,新聞的真實性難以驗證,有許多消息來源,包括政治或宗教的官方宣傳品到水手或商人的目擊說法── 但當時完全沒有新聞道德或客觀性這種觀念,讀者得自己仔細找尋真相。)

如果說500年前的古人不容易得知真相,現在的我們會不會容易些?該如何辨別真假呢?國際圖書館協會聯盟在2018年初,從專業資訊傳播守門員角度,提供專業的建議,不妨閱讀上方題目,邊讀邊找尋適當對應的標題。

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